Spectral induced polarization (SIP) is a useful tool in geophysical exploration for understanding THE capacitive properties of materials beneath THE surface. Unlike conventional methods, SIP analysis can be done in both THE time domain and frequency domain. In THE time domain, it measures THE decay of electrical potential after transmitting a direct current pulse, while in THE frequency domain, it measures THE phase shift of an alternating current. THE Cole-Cole model (CCM) is widely used to analyze SIP data, aiding in THE comprehension of subsurface properties in different geological settings. Initially introduced by Cole and Cole (1941) and subsequently expanded upon by Pelton et al (1978), this model provides a description of THE complex resistivity of materials. While initially developed for mineralized rock, CCM has been successfully adapted to characterize sedimentary formations lacking electronically conducting components. In such cases, THE polarization arises from interactions between pore fluids and electrically charged mineral surfaces, forming an electric double layer. It is well established that frequency-dependent induced polarization measurements offer additional spectral information beyond a single measure of induced polarization amplitude, even though THE universal mechanism is not fully understood. This spectral information, derived from THE shape of THE frequency response, can be linked to petrophysical and geochemical properties of THE Earth’s subsurface, such as soil texture, water saturation, hydraulic conductivity, pH, and THE dissemination of metallic minerals, through empirical relationships. In addition to advances in THE fundamental understanding of induced polarization phenomena, THE SIP method has seen significant progress and development across various research areas in recent years, including forward modeling, inversion, and equipment. However, THE success of THE SIP method is strongly dependent on providing a reliable and precise inversion algorithm aimed at retrieving THE CCM PARAMETERS. Inverse problem THEory refers to a maTHEmatical framework that addresses THE extraction of information about a parameterized physical system using observational data, THEoretical relationships between model PARAMETERS and data (i.e., forward problem), and prior knowledge. To ensure accurate interpretation of THE estimated models, it is crucial to understand THE correlation between THE PARAMETERS in THE subsurface models. This research is significant because it explores THE dependency and correlation of THE CCM PARAMETERS using a Bayesian approach in a 2.5D inversion framework specifically designed for SIP data. THE motivation for studying correlation analysis between model PARAMETERS arises from THE challenges that high parameter correlation can pose to Markov chain Monte Carlo (McMC) sampling algorithms in probabilistic models. In oTHEr words, THE objective is to enhance THE understanding of subsurface properties and provide a more reliable interpretation of THE estimated models by thoroughly analyzing parameter interdependencies. A novel 2.5D inversion code specifically developed for SIP data is introduced, leveraging Python-based libraries and advanced statistical methods. Through synTHEtic modeling and McMC sampling, THE robustness of this approach across various subsurface scenarios is evaluated, including a homogeneous earth model, a two-layer medium, and a model featuring two anomalies within a homogeneous background. Our method enables THE extraction of CCM PARAMETERS that reflect electrical properties, offering deeper insights into complex geological formations. Visualizations of McMC chains and corner plots effectively reveal THE interdependencies among CCM PARAMETERS, illustrating THE convergence and reliability of THE parameter estimates. Validation against synTHEtic models highlights THE precision and effectiveness of THE proposed methodology. Overall, this study demonstrates THE potential of Bayesian inversion to improve THE interpretation of geophysical data and offers valuable insights into THE correlation between CCM PARAMETERS across different geological environments.

É, cole des Beaux-Arts is considered as one of THE most influential architecture schools in THE world. During its relatively long life, this school admitted many students from different countries, including a number of Iranian architects and professors of architecture who were graduates of THE É, cole. THE purpose of this study is to identify Iranian architecture students of THE É, cole des Beaux-Arts based on reliable documents. THE main question of THE research is how many Iranian students have studied at É, cole des Beaux-Arts, and how was THE quality of THEir education. Also, in what fields did THEse people work after graduation. This study tries to refer to THE É, cole’, s documents to get THE answers to THE questions. THE main sources of THE research are primary. Examination of THEse documents shows that THE number of Iranian students was 43, 29 of whom graduated. THE presence of Iranians in THE school is limited to THE last four decades of THE school’, s life. THE presence of Iranians in THE 1960s is particularly significant. Iranian students left a relatively successful result in THE É, cole. THEy were able to win a number of medals and awards from THE school. After graduating and returning to Iran, most of THEm held important positions in THE field of education and architecture. Most of THEm became university professors and taught students in Iranian schools of architecture.

Induced polarization (IP) method is a main geophysical method in deposits exploration. As an extension of THE IP method, THE spectral induced polarization (SIP) has been used extensively in mineral prospecting and increasingly in environmental investigations, hydro-geophysics, archaeo-geophysics, bio-geophysics. THE reason for this extensive use is that SIP measurements are sensitive to THE low-frequency capacitive properties of rocks and soils. One major limitation of SIP method is electromagnetic (EM) coupling effect. In SIP method, THE amplitude and phase components of THE earth’s resistivity are measured in a frequency range typically from 0.001 Hz to 10 kHz. At low frequencies, THE inductive coupling effects impact THE spectrum Ohmic responses and normal polarization effect of THE subsurface material. In SIP literature, THEre are three types of THE EM coupling effects: THE first is THE EM coupling effect removal methods from SIP field data. In THE second method, THE mutual impedance of THE earth is calculated using THE Cole-Cole equation as IP dispersion of THE earth. SIP data and mutual impedance are compared using an inversion algorithm in order to recover THE earth IP PARAMETERS. Since THE SIP method employs alternating fields using grounded wires, this method should be characterized as an EM method. THE third method uses a current cable arrangement in order to reduce THE EM coupling effects from SIP data. Many different models have been proposed for THE description of THE dispersive behavior of THE IP. However, THE most widely used model is THE COLE–COLE model. This model describes THE resistivity dispersion observed in THE field data from areas with metallic mineral content. It is also used to estimate various subsurface properties of nonmetallic soil and rocks in IP frequency domain investigations (SIP). A multiple COLE–COLE model is typically a more general and proper model than a single COLE–COLE model for describing IP data with various dispersion ranges caused eiTHEr by multiple-length scales in sediments or by coupling effects in THE IP measurements. THE COLE–COLE model PARAMETERS are widely used to interpret both time- and frequency-domain induced polarization data. Among many studies in which THE COLE–COLE PARAMETERS are estimated from THE SIP measurements on soils and rocks, a majority of THEm use least squares (deterministic) methods. THE previous studies have shown that THE geometry of an array such as electrode spacing (e.g., dipole–dipole electrode array) has an important effect on mutual impedance. In this study, by using THE dipole–dipole array on a homogeneous polarizable half-space, THE electromagnetic coupling effect on mutual impedance is investigated. THE aim of this work is an investigation of THE COLE–COLE PARAMETERS effects on THE mutual impedance of a polarizable half-space. Since Sunde’s mutual impedance equation is widely used for an impolarizable earth (real resistivity), THE effect of a polarizable earth has been less investigated. We use THE Nyquist plot to show THE mutual impedance response of THEoretical and field data. THE results show that if THE COLE–COLE PARAMETERS including time constant (τ), frequency constant (c) or chargeability (m) of THE half-space are small, THE IP response is very small compared with THE EM coupling response and thus THE COLE–COLE PARAMETERS recovered from THE inversion algorithms are less reliable. In practice, THE above-mentioned terms occur when THEre are small particles of ore, extended grain size distribution of ore or low-grade ore in porphyry deposit. It is worth mentioning that THE chargeability of THE earth in environmental investigations also has a small value.

THE hybridization of two types of short fibres having different lengths and diameters offers some advantages compared to each fibre being used alone in a single polymer matrix. In this study, THE polypropylene/kenaf fibre/wood flour hybrid composites were prepared in an internal mixer. THE temperature was 190؛C and rotor speed was 60 rpm. THE system was compatibilized by polypropylene grafted maleic anhydride. Based on dimensional aspects before and after processing, THE kenaf as fibrous filler and wood flour as particulate filler were considered. THE weight ratio of lignocellosic fillers was 40%. Dynamic rheological properties such as storage modulus, complex viscosity, damping factor were evaluated at 190؛C. It was observed that, THE non-linearity region of hybrid composites shifted to lower strains compared to virgin polypropylene. Due to higher probability of agglomerates formation in THE sample containing 40% (by wt) of wood flour, THE storage modulus and complex viscosity of this sample were higher than those of THE oTHEr samples. A flattened section was observed in THE tan δ diagram which is attributed to different relaxation processes of composite and neat PP. THE Cole-Cole diagrams of samples showed that THE relaxation times shifted to higher values with THE addition of fillers and THE longest relaxation times were related to composites with pure wood flour.

THE TiO2 dispersed physically cross-linked polymer hydrogels were synTHEsized through a single step free radical addition polymerization mechanism based on acrylic acid and gum Arabic (GA) as polymer constituents, and ferric ions (Fe3+) as physical cross-linker. THE effect of TiO2 powder was investigated on THErmal and mechanical properties of THE hydrogels by dispersion of 0. 01, 0. 02 and 0. 03 g of TiO2 in hydrogels. THE prepared hydrogels were successfully characterized through FTIR, XRD, SEM and THErmogravimetric analysis (TGA). For THE mechanical properties, dynamic mechanical analysis and universal testing machine (UTM) were used. THE DMA results showed that THE storage modulus was increased with THE TiO2, while UTM results showed that 0. 02 g of TiO2 powder significantly enhanced THE fracture stress, elastic modulus, toughness and stretchability by 4514%, 4328%, 4124% and 20%, respectively, compared to THE virgin hydrogels. Cole–, Cole plot confirmed THE homogeneity and viscoelastic behavior of THE system, while manual load bearing and shape memory test showed that THE hydrogels bear a load of 2. 5 kg for a long time and it is recovered within 10 s to its original state. THE materials can be applied for THE synTHEsis of artificial body parts in THE field of bio-engineering. THE use of un-modified GA for THE synTHEsis of hydrogels will open a new window for THE researchers working in this field.

Background: Terahertz radiation is non-destructive and hence، in THE last two decades it has been of interest to researchers for various applications such as medical imaging. Having an accurate model of THE tissue can pave THE way for THE researches in this field. In THE terahertz region، water has high absorption and due to high water content in body tissues، THE main mechanism of contrast in terahertz medical imaging in adjacent tissues is THE difference in water content. Thus، dielectric models are suitable for modeling body tissues.Methods: In this study, goodness of fit of double-Debye, Cole-Cole and Fitzgerald dielectric models to experimental data of THE body tissues was evaluated. For qualitative assessment, THE correlation coefficient between simulated values and experimental data was calculated.Findings: Skin tissue was more compatible with THE double-Debye model; breast tissue was more consistent with THE Fitzgerald model and oTHEr investigated tissues were compatible with THE Cole-Cole model.Conclusion: Cole-Cole model is a general model, which can achieve a correlation of about 0.9 for a wide variety of tissues. Double-Debye and Fitzgerald models are specific models, which have higher accuracy for skin and breast tissues and whose correlation coefficient is about 0.95.

Dealing with numerous reviews and widespread inquiries, it has been concluded that much more information and interpretive PARAMETERS are accessible regarding THE subsurface structures when using a particular frequency range in THE spectral induced polarization (SIP) measurements. THErefore, THE interpretation uncertainty would diminish which causes studies with more valid and auTHEntic outcomes. This could be achieved by using a comprehensive and general model which is appropriate for representing electrical features variation in terms of frequency, known as THE Cole-Cole model. By using THE SIP method and applying a defined broad of frequencies, it would be conceivable to describe items such as medium properties, spectral behavior of THE studied area, and THE intensity of each single parameter. THE widespread use of THE SIP method requires accurate and fast modeling and inversion algorithms. An integral part of every geo-electrical data inversion is an accurate and efficient forward modeling resulting in numerical simulation of responses for a given physical property model. In oTHEr words, like every oTHEr geophysical method, a reliable spectral-induced polarization inversion is highly dependent on THE accuracy of THE forward problem. Forward modeling is accomplished over a 2D earth structure to generate complex resistivity data by simulating current flow into THE earth's surface and solving THE Poisson equation containing complex values. In this contribution, a finite difference algorithm is applied to solve THE complex partial differential equations (PDEs) restricted by a mixed boundary condition. A spatial Fourier transform of THE PDEs, with respect to a defined range of wavenumbers, is carried out along THE strike direction to elucidate 3D source characteristics. Eventually, it is necessary to conduct an inverse Fourier transform to obtain potential solutions in THE spatial domain. To verify THE accuracy of THE proposed numerical algorithm, some synTHEtic models are simulated and THE forward responses, including resistance and phase values with respect to a specific frequency spectrum, are calculated. FurTHErmore, a comparison between our numerical results and those of Geotomo geo-electrical software is provided.